Quantifying the price in pain of hate crime

Social Psychologist Gloria Cowan, Phd., offers scientific quantification of the price in pain of hate crime. In the San Bernardino Sun, she writes:

In a study of the effects of ethnoviolence experienced by college students in 1986 by Ehrlich, Larcom and Purvis, two types of emotional responses by victimized students were noted: they felt 1) angry, upset and disturbed, and 2) disgusted, helpless and shamed. In a later study in 1991, many students reported serious disturbances, including anger (54.1 percent), not being about to stop thinking about the event (42.6 percent), fear (30.3 percent) and revenge fantasies (28.1 percent).
Like other extreme crimes against the individual, hate crimes have a long-term impact. Beyond the post-traumatic stress, victims of hate crimes for which the perpetrators are not prosecuted learn that they are not part of the justice system in this country. They are outsiders in a country that calls itself a citadel of law and justice. They don't feel safe in their own country.

Read the entire piece here.